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행동 과학 심리학 Behavioral Science psychology

라레런 2023. 2. 17. 19:11

 

 

- 행동과학 개론
행동과학은 심리학, 사회학, 경제학, 신경과학의 지식을 결합하여 인간의 행동을 연구하는 학제간 분야입니다. 그것은 개인이 다른 맥락에서 어떻게 행동하고, 생각하고, 느끼는지를 조사하고 사람들이 특정한 결정과 선택을 하는 이유를 설명하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 이 블로그 게시물은 역사, 주요 개념 및 응용 프로그램을 포함하여 행동 과학의 기본 사항을 탐색합니다.

- 행동과학의 역사
행동 과학은 심리학자와 사회학자들이 인간 행동 연구에 대한 전통적인 접근 방식에 의문을 제기하기 시작한 20세기 초에 뿌리를 두고 있습니다. 그들은 주관적 경험과 무의식적 동기가 전통적인 모델이 인정한 것보다 행동 형성에 더 중요한 역할을 한다고 믿었습니다. 1920년대와 1930년대에 내적 상태보다 관찰 가능한 행동에 초점을 맞춘 행동주의의 등장은 심리학의 실험과 연구의 새로운 시대를 열었습니다. 시간이 지남에 따라 행동 과학은 경제학, 인류학 및 신경 과학과 같은 다른 분야를 포함하도록 확장되었습니다.

행동 과학의 핵심 개념
1. 휴리스틱*과 편견
휴리스틱은 사람들이 빠르고 효율적으로 결정을 내리는 데 사용하는 정신적 지름길입니다. 그들은 종종 이전 경험이나 지식을 기반으로 하며 많은 상황에서 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 그러나 휴리스틱은 휴리스틱에 의존하여 발생하는 판단의 체계적 오류인 편향을 유발할 수도 있습니다. 예를 들어 확증 편향은 이미 존재하는 믿음을 확인하는 방식으로 정보를 검색하고 해석하는 경향이며 가용성 휴리스틱은 더 쉽게 기억되는 사건의 가능성을 과대 평가하는 경향입니다.

 

*휴리스틱 : 불확실한 상황에서 의사결정을 할 때 사고를 절약하여 빠르고 쉽게 판단을 내리는 방법. 복잡한 과제를 간단한 판단 작업으로 단순화시켜 의사 결정하는 경향을 뜻하는 말이다.

2. 인지 부조화
인지 부조화는 사람이 두 가지 상충되는 신념, 가치 또는 태도를 가질 때 발생합니다. 이것은 그 사람이 신념, 가치 또는 태도 중 하나를 변경하여 해결하려는 불편한 심리적 상태를 만듭니다. 예를 들어, 흡연자는 흡연의 건강 위험을 알고 있을 수 있지만 흡연을 즐길 수도 있습니다. 이것은 흡연자가 금연하거나 건강 위험을 최소화함으로써 해결할 수 있는 인지 부조화를 만듭니다.

3. 사회적 영향력
사회적 영향은 사람들이 서로의 태도, 신념 및 행동에 영향을 미치는 방식을 의미합니다. 이것은 사회적 규범, 순응 및 설득을 포함한 다양한 수단을 통해 발생할 수 있습니다. 사회적 규범은 특정 사회나 문화에서 행동을 안내하는 불문율이며, 순응은 자신의 행동이나 신념을 집단의 행동이나 신념에 맞추는 경향을 말합니다. 설득은 의사소통을 통해 누군가의 태도나 행동을 바꾸려는 시도를 포함합니다.

4. 자제력
자기통제는 유혹이나 충동에 직면하여 자신의 행동을 조절하는 능력을 말한다. 인간은 시간이 지남에 따라 고갈될 수 있는 제한된 자제력 자원을 가지고 있기 때문에 이것은 어려울 수 있습니다. 그러나 연구에 따르면 목표 설정, 진행 상황 모니터링, 마음챙김 연습 등 다양한 방법을 통해 자제력을 강화할 수 있습니다.

- 행동과학의 응용
행동 과학은 비즈니스, 공공 정책 및 의료를 포함한 다양한 분야에서 수많은 응용 프로그램을 보유하고 있습니다. 행동 과학이 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지에 대한 몇 가지 예는 다음과 같습니다.

1. 마케팅 및 광고
마케팅 및 광고 전문가는 종종 행동 과학 원칙을 사용하여 소비자 행동에 영향을 미칩니다. 예를 들어, 제품이 대중적이거나 널리 사용된다는 점을 강조하여 제품을 홍보하기 위해 사회적 규범을 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들은 또한 희소성 또는 긴급성을 사용하여 수요의식을 만들거나 앵커링을 사용하여 가격에 대한 인식에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다.

2. 공공 정책
행동 과학은 바람직한 행동을 장려하거나 바람직하지 않은 행동을 억제하는 공공 정책을 설계하는 데 사용될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 정책입안자는 개인을 은퇴 저축 계획에 자동으로 등록하는 것과 같이 건강한 행동을 촉진하기 위해 기본값을 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들은 또한 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 환경에 대한 작은 변화인 넛지를 사용하여 원하는 결과를 촉진할 수 있습니다.

 

3. 의료
행동 과학 원칙은 건강한 행동을 촉진하고 환자가 치료 계획을 준수하도록 장려함으로써 의료 결과를 개선하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 의료 서비스 제공자는 환자가 양가감정이나 행동 변화에 대한 저항을 극복하도록 돕기 위해 동기 부여 인터뷰 기술을 사용할 수 있습니다. 그들은 또한 피드백과 목표 설정을 사용하여 환자가 진행 상황을 모니터링하고 동기를 유지하도록 도울 수 있습니다.

행동 과학이 의료에 상당한 기여를 한 또 다른 영역은 건강 정보 기술(HIT) 시스템의 설계입니다. HIT 시스템은 의료 제공의 효율성과 안전성을 향상시킬 수 있지만 의료 제공자와 환자에게 스트레스와 좌절의 원인이 될 수도 있습니다. 인간-컴퓨터 상호작용의 원칙을 적용함으로써 행동과학자들은 보다 사용자 친화적이고 매력적인 HIT 시스템을 설계할 수 있으며, 이는 제공자와 환자 모두에게 더 나은 결과를 가져올 수 있습니다.

이러한 응용 프로그램 외에도 행동 과학은 흡연, 운동 및 약물 순응과 같은 다양한 건강 관련 행동을 연구하는 데 사용되었습니다. 이러한 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 이해함으로써 의료 제공자와 정책 입안자는 건강한 행동을 촉진하고 질병을 예방하기 위한 보다 효과적인 개입을 개발할 수 있습니다.

- 결론
행동 과학은 심리학, 사회학, 경제학 및 신경 과학의 통찰력을 결합하여 인간 행동을 이해하는 매력적인 분야입니다. 행동 과학의 원칙을 적용함으로써 우리는 사람들이 의사 결정을 내리는 이유를 더 잘 이해하고 다양한 상황에서 건강한 행동을 촉진하고 결과를 개선하기 위한 보다 효과적인 개입을 개발할 수 있습니다. 마케팅 및 광고에서 공공 정책 및 의료에 이르기까지 행동 과학의 적용은 광범위하고 광범위하며 그 영향은 앞으로 더 커질 것입니다.

 

Introduction to Behavioral Science

Behavioral science is an interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from psychology, sociology, economics, and neuroscience to study human behavior. It examines how individuals behave, think, and feel in different contexts and aims to explain why people make certain decisions and choices. This blog post will explore the basics of behavioral science, including its history, key concepts, and applications.

History of Behavioral Science

Behavioral science has its roots in the early 20th century, when psychologists and sociologists began to question traditional approaches to studying human behavior. They believed that subjective experiences and unconscious motivations played a more significant role in shaping behavior than traditional models had acknowledged. The emergence of behaviorism in the 1920s and 1930s, which focused on observable behaviors rather than internal states, led to a new era of experimentation and research in psychology. Over time, behavioral science expanded to include other fields such as economics, anthropology, and neuroscience.

Key Concepts in Behavioral Science

1. Heuristics and Biases

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that people use to make decisions quickly and efficiently. They are often based on previous experiences or knowledge and can be helpful in many situations. However, heuristics can also lead to biases, which are systematic errors in judgment that result from relying on heuristics. For example, confirmation bias is the tendency to search for and interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs, while the availability heuristic is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events that are more easily remembered.

2. Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person holds two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes. This creates an uncomfortable psychological state that the person seeks to resolve by changing one of the beliefs, values, or attitudes. For example, a smoker may be aware of the health risks of smoking, but may also enjoy smoking. This creates cognitive dissonance, which the smoker may resolve by either quitting smoking or minimizing the health risks.

3. Social Influence

Social influence refers to the ways in which people influence each other's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. This can occur through various means, including social norms, conformity, and persuasion. Social norms are unwritten rules that guide behavior in a particular society or culture, while conformity refers to the tendency to adjust one's behavior or beliefs to match those of a group. Persuasion involves attempts to change someone's attitude or behavior through communication.

4. Self-Control

Self-control refers to the ability to regulate one's own behavior in the face of temptation or impulse. This can be challenging, as humans have limited self-control resources that can be depleted over time. However, research has shown that self-control can be strengthened through various means, including setting goals, monitoring progress, and practicing mindfulness.

Applications of Behavioral Science

Behavioral science has numerous applications in various fields, including business, public policy, and healthcare. Some examples of how behavioral science can be applied include:

1. Marketing and Advertising

Marketing and advertising professionals often use behavioral science principles to influence consumer behavior. For example, they may use social norms to promote a product by emphasizing that it is popular or widely used. They may also use scarcity or urgency to create a sense of demand, or they may use anchoring to influence the perception of price.

2. Public Policy

Behavioral science can be used to design public policies that encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior. For example, policymakers may use defaults to promote healthy behavior, such as automatically enrolling individuals in a retirement savings plan. They may also use nudges, which are small changes to the environment that can influence behavior, to promote desired outcomes.

3. Healthcare

Behavioral science principles can be used to improve healthcare outcomes by promoting healthy behavior and encouraging patients to adhere to treatment plans. For example, healthcare providers may use motivational interviewing techniques to help patients overcome ambivalence or resistance to behavior change. They may also use feedback and goal setting to help patients monitor their progress and stay motivated.

Another area where behavioral science has made significant contributions to healthcare is in the design of health information technology (HIT) systems. HIT systems can improve the efficiency and safety of healthcare delivery, but they can also be a source of stress and frustration for healthcare providers and patients. By applying principles of human-computer interaction, behavioral scientists can design HIT systems that are more user-friendly and engaging, which can lead to better outcomes for both providers and patients.

In addition to these applications, behavioral science has also been used to study a variety of health-related behaviors, such as smoking, exercise, and medication adherence. By understanding the factors that influence these behaviors, healthcare providers and policymakers can develop more effective interventions to promote healthy behavior and prevent illness.

Conclusion

Behavioral science is a fascinating field that combines insights from psychology, sociology, economics, and neuroscience to understand human behavior. By applying principles of behavioral science, we can better understand why people make the decisions they do and develop more effective interventions to promote healthy behavior and improve outcomes in a variety of contexts. From marketing and advertising to public policy and healthcare, the applications of behavioral science are broad and far-reaching, and its impact is likely to grow in the years to come.

 

 

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